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Apr 28, 2025
What is Social Communication?
Key Elements of Social Communication Pragmatic Language Pragmatic language is conceptualized in Bloom and Lahey’s model (1978) of three overlapping components of language: form, content, and use. Language use, or pragmatics, refers to cohesive discourse (or conversational exchanges), which can be verbal or nonverbal. An example is the ability to use and interpret tone of
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Apr 28, 2025
Understanding and Building Oral Reading Fluency
Defining Oral Reading Fluency In 2000, the National Reading Panel identified reading fluency as one of the five critical pillars of reading development and achievement. Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. In other words, ORF is a combination of two distinct skill sets: automatic
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Apr 24, 2025
Social Communication Across the Language Areas
Let’s take a closer look at how pragmatic language skills (social communication) intersect with these four language areas: Listening Comprehension Simply put, listening comprehension refers to the ability to understand spoken language. However, it is much more nuanced. There are elements of listening that highlight the relationship to pragmatic language. Listenwise refers to the work
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Apr 16, 2025
Fluency Interventions at the Text and Passage-Level
Passage and text-level fluency practice is an important component of fluency-targeted interventions. However, when working on fluency at the text-level, it is important that educators consider the following: First, before beginning a fluency intervention, instructors should determine whether or not a student is struggling with underlying skill deficits (e.g., weak phonemic awareness, poor word decoding
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Apr 16, 2025
Fluency Interventions at the Word, Phrase, and Sentence-Level
According to Jan Hasbrouck, “[f]luency is not a skill” but rather the “outcome […] of skillful reading” (Loftus & Sappington, 2024). Thus, even though we sometimes work on fluency in and of itself, it is important to complete diagnostic assessments to determine if there are underlying skill deficits that are impacting fluency and to provide
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Apr 16, 2025
Assessing Oral Reading Fluency
How Do We Measure Rate and Accuracy? Reading fluency is frequently assessed through oral reading fluency (ORF) tasks. In such tasks, students are asked to read a passage aloud, usually for one minute. A teacher or evaluator takes notes on errors that students make (e.g., substituting, omitting, or misreading words) and then calculates the student’s
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Apr 15, 2025
What is Oral Reading Fluency?
What Is Reading Fluency and Why Is It Important? Reading fluency can be defined as the “ability to read smoothly and effortlessly with appropriate rate and phrasing” (O’Connor, 2014, p. 126). It is widely accepted that the ability to read connected text fluently is an essential component of proficient reading. When a reader can instantly
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Apr 9, 2025
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Literacy Lesson Planning: A Landmark Approach | Webinar Recording
Join Landmark High School Assistant Academic Dean Chase Collins in conversation with Academic Advisor Natalia Harrison to explore how to use a single text (article or short story) to build a dynamic lesson plan that addresses all literacy domains (from phonemic awareness to writing).
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Apr 1, 2025
Pre-Reading Strategies to Support Struggling Readers
Supporting students with limited background knowledge requires thoughtful and explicit preparation and instruction. Active reading strategies often focus on what to do during reading, while comprehension assessments typically take place after reading through teacher-generated questions or summaries. For struggling readers, these strategies remain important to help them manage and organize their understanding of what they
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