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Jun 16, 2025
Assessing Oral Reading Fluency
How Do We Measure Rate and Accuracy? Reading fluency is frequently assessed through oral reading fluency (ORF) tasks. In such tasks, students are asked to read a passage aloud, usually for one minute. A teacher or evaluator takes notes on errors that students make (e.g., substituting, omitting, or misreading words) and then calculates the student’s
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Jun 5, 2025
Include Students in the Learning Process
Educational research has contributed to the efficacy of including students in the learning process. Stephanie L. Haft, Chelsea A. Myers, and Fumiko Hoeft (2016) in their paper titled “Socio-emotional and Cognitive Resilience in Children with Reading Disabilities” assert that when students with learning challenges have the following as a part of their academic experience, outcomes
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Jun 5, 2025
The Two-Column Method of Note-Taking
An enduringly popular method for managing information is the notetaking method of two-column notes, which is similar to Cornell notes. This system of notes was first introduced by Walter Pauk in the 1950s and was a key feature of his widely used book How to Study in College. Two-column notes and Cornell notes both differentiate
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May 19, 2025
Diagnostic and Prescriptive Teaching
Diagnostic and Prescriptive Teaching in Action “Prescribed instructional goals must flow from assessment, addressing the learner and [their] style of learning, the skills or abilities that must be learned, and the situation and contingencies under which learning will be best facilitated” (Reynolds and Fletcher-Janzen, 2007, pg. 772). In other words, a teacher or administrator must
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May 7, 2025
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Understanding and Building Oral Reading Fluency | Webinar Recording
Join Landmark High School Faculty and Reading Department Head Kristine Burgess to explore a closer look at what reading fluency is, what it is not, and how to best build and support oral reading fluency.
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Apr 28, 2025
What is Social Communication?
Key Elements of Social Communication Pragmatic Language Pragmatic language is conceptualized in Bloom and Lahey’s model (1978) of three overlapping components of language: form, content, and use. Language use, or pragmatics, refers to cohesive discourse (or conversational exchanges), which can be verbal or nonverbal. An example is the ability to use and interpret tone of
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Apr 28, 2025
Understanding and Building Oral Reading Fluency
Defining Oral Reading Fluency In 2000, the National Reading Panel identified reading fluency as one of the five critical pillars of reading development and achievement. Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. In other words, ORF is a combination of two distinct skill sets: automatic
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Apr 24, 2025
Social Communication Across the Language Areas
Let’s take a closer look at how pragmatic language skills (social communication) intersect with these four language areas: Listening Comprehension Simply put, listening comprehension refers to the ability to understand spoken language. However, it is much more nuanced. There are elements of listening that highlight the relationship to pragmatic language. Listenwise refers to the work
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Apr 16, 2025
Fluency Interventions at the Text and Passage Levels
Passage and text-level fluency practice is an important component of fluency-targeted interventions. However, when working on fluency at the text-level, it is important that educators consider the following: First, before beginning a fluency intervention, instructors should determine whether or not a student is struggling with underlying skill deficits (e.g., weak phonemic awareness, poor word decoding
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